Clinical and epidemiological aspects of chronic Chagas disease from Southern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Patients with Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, present a higher risk of developing other chronic diseases, which may contribute to CD severity. Since CD is underreported in the southern state of Paraná, Brazil, we aimed to characterize clinical and epidemiological aspects of individuals chronically infected with T. cruzi in Southern Brazil. METHODS: A community hospital-based study was performed, recording clinical/demographic characteristics of 237 patients with CD from Southern Brazil. To estimate the association between different forms of CD and sociodemographic and clinical variables, multiple logistic regression models were built using the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS: Mean age was 57.5 years and 59% were females. Most patients' (60%) place of origin/birth was within Paraná and they were admitted to the CD outpatient clinic after presenting with cardiac/digestive symptoms (64%). The predominant form of CD was cardiac (53%), followed by indeterminate (36%), and digestive (11%). The main electrocardiographic changes were in the right bundle branch block (39%) and left anterior fascicular block (32%). The average number of comorbidities per patient was 3.9±2.3; systemic arterial hypertension was most common (64%), followed by dyslipidemia (34%) and diabetes (19%); overlapping comorbidities were counted separately. Male sex was associated with symptomatic cardiac CD (OR=2.92; 95%CI: 1.05-8.12; p=0.040). CONCLUSIONS: This study provided greater understanding of the distribution and clinical profile of CD patients in Southern Brazil, indicating a high prevalence of comorbidities among these patients who are a vulnerable group due to advanced age and substantial risk of morbidity.

Circulating levels of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in age-related macular degeneration / Níveis circulantes da lectina ligadora de manose (MBL) na degeneração macular relacionada à idade

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess whether the serum levels of mannose-binding lectin of the lectin complement pathway are associated with age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Patients with age-related macular degeneration and age-matched controls underwent full ophthalmologic examination and optical coherence tomography. Using a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay, blood samples were evaluated to determine the serum mannose-binding lectin levels. Results: A total of 136 individuals were evaluated, including 68 patients with age-related macular degeneration (34 exudative and 34 nonexudative) and 68 age-matched controls. The median mannose-binding lectin level was 608 ng/mL (range, 30-3,415 ng/mL) in patients with age-related macular degeneration and 739 ng/mL (range, 30-6,039 ng/mL) in controls, with no difference between the groups. Additionally, the median mannose-binding lectin level was 476 ng/mL (range, 30-3,415 ng/mL) in exudative cases and 692 ng/mL (range, 30-2,587 ng/mL) in nonexudative cases. Conclusions: Serum mannose-binding lectin levels were not associated with age-related macular degeneration or with the exudative and nonexudative forms of the disease.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar se as concentrações séricas da lectina ligante de manose da via das lectinas do sistema complemento estão associadas à degeneração macular relacionada à idade. Métodos: Pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade a controles pareados realizaram exame oftalmológico completo e imagens de tomografia de coerência óptica. As concentrações de lectina ligante de manose foram aferidas em amostras de sangue pelo método "time-resolved Immunofluorometric assay". Resultados: Um total de 136 indivíduos foram avaliados incluindo 68 com degeneração macular relacionada à idade (34 exsudativa e 34 não-exsudativa) e 68 controles. Concentrações medianas de lectina ligante de ma-nose foram 608 ng/mL (30-3,415 ng/mL) nos casos e 739 ng/mL (30-6,039 ng/mL) nos controles, não havendo diferença entre os grupos. Comparando degeneração macular relacionada a idade exsudativa (mediana de lectina ligante de manose 476 ng/mL; 30-3,415 ng/mL) e não-exsudativa (692 ng/mL; 30-2,587 ng/mL) também não apresentaram diferença. Conclusões: Concentrações séricas de lectina ligante de manose não estão relacionadas à degeneração macular relacionada a idade ou às formas exsudativa e não-exsudativa.

Seroprevalence of HCV markers among HIV infected patients from Curitiba and metropolitan region / Soroprevalência de marcadores do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) em pacientes infectados com HIV de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana

SUMMARY Objective: to determine the prevalence and epidemiological factors associated with hepatitis (HCV) coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients from Curitiba and the metropolitan region. Methods: a study with 303 HIV+ patients, mean age 41.2 years (18-73); 50.5% men, followed at the Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, between April 2008 and March 2009. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained through questionnaires and retrospective analysis of medical records. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: a total of 12.9% of HIV+ patients were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, 64.1% were men and 35.9% women, with mean age of 44.5 years (24-66). The frequency of HCV among men was 16.7% and among women 9.1% (p=0.06). HCV prevalence was associated to HIV infection when compared to the general population (p<10-6, OR=100.4; 95CI=13.7-734.9). The parenteral route of transmission was the most frequent among coinfected patients (46.1%), and the sexual transmission among HIV+/HCV- (71.8%) (p=0.02, OR=0.2; 95CI=0.1-0.7). The frequency of intravenous drug users was higher among the coinfected patients (61.5%) compared to the non coinfected (12.6%) (p<10-6, OR=11.1; 95CI=4.5-27.7). Conclusion: the prevalence of coinfection with HCV in HIV+ patients is 12.9%, 88 times higher than in the general population in Curitiba. The most frequent route of transmission in the coinfected patients is parenteral, but the sexual route is also representative (34.6%).

RESUMO Soroprevalência de marcadores do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) em pacientes infectados com HIV de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana Objetivo: verificar a prevalência e caracterizar fatores epidemiológicos associados à coinfecção por HCV em pacientes HIV+ de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. Métodos: estudo envolvendo 303 pacientes HIV+, com idade média de 41,2 anos (18-73); 50,5% homens; acompanhados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, entre abril de 2008 e março de 2009. Os dados clínico-epidemiológicos foram obtidos por meio de questionários e análise retrospectiva dos prontuários. Os anticorpos anti-HCV foram detectados por ensaio imunoenzimático quimioluminescente. Resultados: dos pacientes HIV+, 12,9% apresentaram sorologia positiva para o HCV, sendo 64,1% homens e 35,9% mulheres, com idade média de 44,5 anos (24-66). A frequência nos homens foi de 16,7%, e nas mulheres, 9,1% (p=0,06). A prevalência do HCV foi significativamente associada à infecção por HIV quando comparada à população geral (p<10-6, OR=100,4; IC95%=13,7-734,9). A via de transmissão parenteral foi a mais frequente entre os coinfectados (46,1%), e a sexual, a mais frequente entre os não coinfectados (71,8%) (p=0,02, OR=0,2; IC95%=0,1-0,7). A frequência de usuários de drogas injetáveis foi maior entre os coinfectados (61,5%) do que entre os não coinfectados (12,6%) (p<10-6, OR=11,1; IC95%=4,5-27,7). Conclusões: a prevalência da infecção por HCV nos pacientes HIV+ é de 12,9%, 88 vezes maior que a infecção na população geral de Curitiba. A via de transmissão mais frequente entre os coinfectados foi a parenteral, porém, a via sexual também é representativa para a transmissão do HCV (34,6%).

High prevalence of hepatitis C associated with familial history of hepatitis in a small town of south Brazil: efficiency of the rapid test for epidemiological survey

This report describes a cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV) in Tamboara, a small community in the northwest area from Paraná State, south of Brazil with a high rate of accumulated detection for HCV. Eight hundred and sixteen residents (17.87 percent from all the population), independently of the age and time living in Tamboara were included in this study by an epidemiologic questionnaire and by testing for anti-HCV. The rapid immuno-chromatographic test was applied for detection of HCV antibodies. The anti-HCV prevalence by rapid test was 4.28 percent. The median age for positive and negative test was 60.49 ± 14.14 and 41.67 ± 20.25, respectively (p < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, only familial history of hepatitis (p = 0.001; OR = 6.41; CI 95 percent = 2.08-19.78) and age (p = 0.007; OR 1.06;95 percent CI = 1.02-1.10) showed statistical significance for positive anti-HCV. The rapid test sensitivity and specificity were 100 percent and 92.7 percent respectively, with an accuracy of 95.8 percent (95 percent CI = 91-100). These findings demonstrated a high prevalence of anti-HCV in Tamboara. The familial history of hepatitis was a significant risk factor to the infection and HCV rapid test showed to be accurate and feasible for epidemiological survey.

Associação do alótipo raro C4A6 do sistema complemento com a doença cardíaca reumática / Association of the C4A6 rare allotype with rheumatic heart disease

Objetivo: determinar se os alótipos do Fator B (BF), C2 e C4 (C4A e C4B) do sistema complemento poderiam ser marcadores para a doença cardíaca reumática (DCR) na população brasileira. Métodos: foram estudados 49 pacientes com DCR crônica. Os controles incluíram 65 indivíduos saudáveis, não aparentados, pareados com a amostra dos pacientes de acordo com o sexo, idade e grupo racial. Os alótipos de BF, C2, C4A e C4B foram determinados por técnicas-padrão, incluindo Western blot para a determinação das variantes de C2 e C4, utilizando-se anticorpos monoclonais e policlonais. Resultados: este estudo demonstrou um significante aumento do alelo raro C4A*6 (p=0,003 RR=11,85) e diminuição de C4A*3 nos pacientes, quando comparados com os controles. Além disso, alelos nulos de C4 e raros de C4 e BF foram observados com maior freqüência nos pacientes. Conclusões: considerando-se que foram avaliados somente pacientes com DCR, mais estudos serão necessários para que se possa esclarecer se o alelo C4A6 pode ser um marcador da forma cardíaca ou da própria doença.